A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury caused by a force direct or indirect—that makes the brain move rapidly inside the skull. This movement creates an acute energy crisis in the brain, making it work harder to perform basic functions and leading to symptoms during everyday tasks.

Typical symptoms include:

• Headache or pressure in the head

• Dizziness, balance issues, or nausea

• Fatigue or drowsiness

• Blurred or double vision

• Sensitivity to light or sound

• Difficulty concentrating or feeling “foggy”

• Sleep disturbances or emotional changes

Yes. A sudden jolt like whiplash from a car accident or fall can cause the brain to move rapidly within the skull, leading to a concussion even without direct head contact.

No. Most concussions do not involve a loss of consciousness. Roughly just 10% of concussions result in a loss of consciousness.

Schedule an appointment promptly with a concussion specialist. Early intervention has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of prolonged recovery.

Relative rest for the initial 24-48 hours (i.e., light non-risk physical activity and screen use are okay so long as they do not result in a significant provocation of symptoms)

Avoid high-risk or potentially unsafe activities until formally cleared to re-engage in these activities

If more serious injury has been ruled out (i.e., brain bleed, swelling), maintain a consistent sleep schedule. Sleep is crucial for recovery.

Consult your provider before adding any new medications

Seek immediate care if you experience:

• Loss of consciousness

• Seizures or repeated vomiting

• Worsening confusion or disorientation

• Slurred speech or vision changes

• Weakness or numbness in limbs

• Severe or worsening headache

There is no single test for concussion. Diagnosis involves a detailed clinical exam and may include cognitive, balance, and vision assessments. Imaging like CT or MRI is rarely needed unless there are red flags for more serious injury.

Treatment focuses on a guided return to daily activities. After 24–48

hours of relative rest, physical and cognitive activity should be

gradually reintroduced as symptoms allow. Recovery plans may

include:

1. Structured return-to-school or return-to-work protocols

2. Monitoring for symptom changes with activity

3. Tailored therapies for persistent symptoms (e.g., vestibular, vision,

cognitive therapy)

4. Ongoing care by a concussion specialist to ensure safe progression

The goal is to restore function while preventing setbacks through

individualized, evidence-based management.

Recovery timeline: Most people recover within 10–14 days, but children, teens, and some adults may need longer. About 10–30% of individuals experience persistent symptoms that may benefit from targeted therapies.

Only after medical clearance and a structured, stepwise return-to-play

protocol:

1. Light aerobic exercise

2. Moderate activity

3. Non-contact training

4. Controlled contact practice

5. Full competition

Each stage should be guided by a healthcare provider trained in

concussion management.

Yes. Kids and teens often take longer to recover up to 4 weeks or more and may show different symptoms. They require more cautious management, including tailored return-to-school plans, and are at higher risk for prolonged recovery and complications.

Most people recover fully from a single concussion. However, repeated concussions, poor management, or returning to high-risk activity too soon can increase the risk of long-term symptoms and complications.

Most insurance plans cover concussion care, but coverage varies. Check with your provider to confirm benefits and whether a referral is needed for specialty services.